measure binding affinity and other thermodynamic properties.

Laboratory Technicians: Assist in the preparation of samples, setting up the ITC experiment, and ensuring that the ITC instrument is functioning correctly and calibrated.

Quality Assurance (QA): Ensures that ITC experiments are performed according to established protocols and best practices, and that all data is accurately recorded and stored for future use.

Project Managers: Oversee the ITC study process, ensuring that the experiments align with project timelines and objectives. They coordinate efforts between teams to ensure successful completion of experiments and data analysis.

4) Procedure

The following steps outline the detailed procedure for conducting Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) studies:

1. Step 1: Sample Preparation
   1. Prepare the target molecule (e.g., protein, RNA, or other biomolecules) by purifying it to a high level of purity. Ensure that the target is in a suitable buffer and at an appropriate concentration for the ITC experiment (typically in the micromolar to millimolar range).
   2. Prepare the ligand (e.g., small molecule, peptide) by dissolving it in an appropriate solvent or buffer. Ensure that the ligand concentration is sufficiently high for binding to the target.
   3. Ensure that both the ligand and the target are free from contaminants (e.g., buffer salts, aggregation, or impurities) that could interfere with the measurements.
2. Step 2: ITC Instrument Setup
   1. Ensure the ITC instrument (e.g., MicroCal iTC200 or iTC-ADV) is calibrated and in proper working order before use. Perform necessary maintenance and routine checks to ensure the instrument is functioning correctly.
   2. Install the correct sample cell and reference cell for the experiment. Fill the reference cell with a suitable reference solution (typically the same buffer used for the sample cell).
   3. Prepare the ITC syringe with the ligand solution to be injected into the sample cell. Ensure that the ligand concentration is appropriate for the experiment, typically higher than the target concentration to ensure a measurable response.
3. Step 3: Running the ITC Experiment
   1. Load the target solution into the sample cell and the ligand solution into the syringe of the ITC instrument. Ensure that the volumes of both the sample and ligand are sufficient for the titration and analysis (usually 200-300 µL for the sample and 25-50 µL for the ligand).
   2. Set the experiment parameters, including temperature (usually around 25°C), syringe injection volume, and injection interval. Ensure that the instrument settings are optimized for the specific experiment, depending on the expected binding affinity and kinetics.
   3. Initiate the experiment, allowing the ligand to be injected stepwise into the sample cell while the instrument measures the heat change from each injection. The heat released or absorbed during each injection corresponds to the binding event between the ligand and target.
   4. Monitor the experiment in real-time and ensure that the injections are proceeding smoothly. If any issues arise (e.g., clogging or irregular heat signals), stop the experiment and troubleshoot before continuing.
4. Step 4: Data Collection
   1. Record the raw data, which includes the heat change associated with each injection, as well as the resulting thermogram (a plot of heat vs. time).
   2. Ensure that enough injections are performed to reach saturation and that the data are sufficiently spaced to capture the full binding curve.
   3. Include blank injections of buffer (no ligand) to account for any heat changes due to dilution or other non-specific interactions.
5. Step 5: Data Analysis
   1. Analyze the data using the software provided with the ITC instrument (e.g., MicroCal Origin). Fit the data to a binding model, such as a single-site binding model, to obtain the binding affinity (Kd), stoichiometry (n), enthalpy (ΔH), and entropy (ΔS) for the interaction.
   2. Ensure that the fitting process is done using the correct model for the interaction. For complex interactions (e.g., cooperative binding), more advanced models may be needed.
   3. Calculate the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG) to understand the driving forces behind the binding, including enthalpic (heat release) and entropic (disorder) contributions.
6. Step 6: Interpretation of Results
   1. Interpret the binding parameters (Kd, n, ΔH, ΔS) to understand the nature of the interaction between the ligand and the target. A low Kd value indicates a strong binding affinity, while a higher Kd suggests weaker interaction.
   2. Consider the enthalpy and entropy changes to understand the thermodynamic contributions to the binding process. For example, an exothermic reaction (negative ΔH) and positive ΔS may indicate favorable binding due to favorable interactions such as hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic effects.
   3. Compare the results with known standards or other compounds to assess the potency of the ligand and determine its potential for further development.
7. Step 7: Documentation and Reporting
   1. Document all experimental parameters, including the sample and ligand concentrations, injection volumes, buffer conditions, and temperature settings.
   2. Prepare an ITC Study Report summarizing the experimental setup, raw data, analysis results, and thermodynamic parameters. Include a discussion of the binding affinity, stoichiometry, and thermodynamic properties of the ligand-target interaction.
   3. Ensure that all data and reports are properly stored and accessible for future reference, regulatory compliance, or intellectual property purposes.

5) Abbreviations

• ITC: Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
• Kd: Dissociation Constant
• ΔH: Enthalpy Change
• ΔS: Entropy Change
• ΔG: Gibbs Free Energy Change

6) Documents

The following documents should be maintained throughout the ITC process:

1. ITC Experimental Protocol
2. Raw Data from ITC Experiments
3. ITC Data Analysis Report
4. ITC Binding Affinity and Thermodynamic Parameters Report

7) Reference

References to regulatory guidelines and scientific literature that support this SOP:

• FDA Guidelines for Biophysical Characterization in Drug Discovery
• Scientific literature on ITC methodology and its applications in drug discovery

8) SOP Version

Version 1.0: Initial version of the SOP.